Regional and National Developments

Brazil's 1988 constitution mandates integrating teaching, research, and extension in higher education. Progress is slow due to unclear implementation. We examine challenges to this integration, which may resonate with other Global South institutions.

Japan and South Korea's international liberal arts programs face challenges merging Western education with national, non-English traditions. Local contexts heavily shape English-language liberal education, despite global aims, affecting both institutions and individuals.

Japanese higher education shifts to vocational subjects, portfolio admissions, and professional management. Driven by declining domestic enrollment and demand for international students, these changes challenge traditional concepts of university education.

Post-Soviet Tajikistan's higher education has grown, with more institutions and students. It's adopting European trends despite non-membership. However, graduate employability issues and youth outmigration challenge the state-controlled system's future.