massification

The Gross Enrollment Ratio, often misunderstood as a valid undergraduate enrollment measure, includes students of all ages and degree levels with inconsistent international student counts, raising concerns about its policy implications and the need for better indicators.

Africa's rapidly expanding higher education is transforming student politics, evident in the changing nature of student organizations, their role in governance, technology's impact on political agency, and new discourses on education in Africa and the Global South.

The massification of Indian higher education is accompanied by a proliferation of private universities. With privatization, there is a need for stronger equity policies to avoid perpetuating the privilege and status of elite and powerful groups.

The market-led massification of higher education in India is accompanied by widening regional and economic inequalities and persisting social and gender inequalities.